In 1169, after Shirkuh's death, Saladin was appointed vizier of Egypt by the Fatimid caliph. At the time, Egypt was under Shi’a Muslim rule, in contrast to the Sunni Islam practiced in most of the Islamic world. Saladin, a Sunni, gradually shifted power from the declining Fatimid regime to the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad, effectively ending the

Introduction Saladin, born as ?al?? ad-D?n Y?suf ibn Ayy?b in 1137 (or 1138), remains one of the most iconic figures of the medieval Islamic world. Revered by both Muslim and Christian chroniclers, Saladin’s name is synonymous with leadership, religious devotion, and military brilliance. He is best known for his pivotal role in the Crusades, e

Born around 1378 in northern England, Hardyng's early life remains shrouded in mystery. He entered the service of Sir Henry Percy, known as Hotspur, and participated in significant battles such as Shrewsbury in 1403. Subsequently, he served Sir Robert Umfraville, under whom he was appointed constable of Warkworth Castle. Hardyng's military endeavor

This famous uprising illustrates many of these causes: The government’s attempt to impose a poll tax to finance the Hundred Years’ War pushed peasants to rebellion. Economic hardship following the Black Death, which had killed a large portion of the population decades earlier, exacerbated tensions. The revolt targeted symbols of